{"id":6452,"date":"2020-10-16T14:32:42","date_gmt":"2020-10-16T13:32:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/?page_id=6452"},"modified":"2022-10-17T11:52:48","modified_gmt":"2022-10-17T11:52:48","slug":"the-style-guide","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/?page_id=6452","title":{"rendered":"THE STYLE GUIDE"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">2020-21<\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">For Journalism and PR at Sunderland University<\/h4>\n<p>INTRODUCTION<\/p>\n<p>The ability to write clear, grammatical English is the key skill for anyone working in the communications industry. This guide is designed to help you communicate effectively. Let it be your guide whenever you write a piece of journalism or public relations copy.<\/p>\n<p>Here, you will find advice on grammar and punctuation, and guidance on how to conform to our <em>house style <\/em>\u2013 the rules we have established within the Journalism and PR department to keep our writing consistent as well as clear.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Do we say <em>the Government is<\/em>, or <em>the Government are<\/em>?\u00a0 Is it <em>while<\/em> or <em>whilst<\/em>?\u00a0 Do we express numbers in words or digits?<\/strong> The answers to these questions and many more will be found here.<\/p>\n<p>Style guides exist across the communications industry; by following our style guide you will be preparing yourself for the world of work.<\/p>\n<p>CONTENTS<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Anchor1\">How We Do It<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Anchor2\">Grammar<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Anchor3\">Punctuation<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Anchor4\">A-Z of Tricky Words<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Anchor5\">Copy Guidelines<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Anchor6\">Referencing Guide<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Anchor7\">Sports Journalism Style Tips<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#Anchor8\">Further Reading<\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"Anchor1\"><strong>HOW WE DO IT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Acronyms and Abbreviations<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>For instance, <em>BBC, Nato, Ofsted, NUT<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Write the organisation\u2019s name out in full the first time you refer to it, unless it\u2019s so common you don\u2019t need to:<\/li>\n<li><em>The National Union of Teachers voted for strike action last night.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The BBC has released its autumn schedules.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><u>Note:<\/u>\u00a0 no full stops between the letters.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If you can\u2019t pronounce it as a word \u2013 <em>BBC, NUT, UN, EU<\/em> \u2013 then write it out in capital letters. If you can pronounce it as a word \u2013<em>Nato, Aids, Ofsted<\/em> \u2013 then cap the first letter and use lower case for the rest.<\/li>\n<li>Use acronyms and other abbreviations sparingly, especially for groups that are not widely known (for instance, <em>Pennywell Neighbourhood Centre<\/em>, which calls itself the <em>PNC<\/em>). They can confuse the reader and slow a story down. It\u2019s better to write the name out on first reference, then refer to it in more general terms: <em>the community group, the teachers\u2019 union<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Addresses<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Don\u2019t give street numbers \u2013 they make it too easy for people to be tracked down<\/li>\n<li>Do give road or street name in full, with capital letters for each part:<\/li>\n<li><em>Green Lane<\/em><\/li>\n<li>If you are writing for a national or even regional audience, add the county or metropolitan borough to show where a town or suburb is:<\/li>\n<li><em>Joan Smith, of Newminster Terrace, Heaton, Newcastle,<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Age<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Helps reader form a mental picture of the person in your story, so include age whenever possible<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t say <em>aged 42<\/em>, just put age in commas:<\/li>\n<li><em>Joan Smith, 42, of Newminster Terrace,<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Note style for a <em>42-year-old woman<\/em> \u2013 hyphens, and <em>year <\/em>not <em>years<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Note descriptions for various ages:<\/li>\n<li>Up to 18 months \u2013 <em>babies<\/em><\/li>\n<li>19 months-3 years \u2013 <em>toddlers <\/em><\/li>\n<li>3-12 years \u2013 <em>children<\/em> or <em>youngsters <\/em><\/li>\n<li>13-17 \u2013 <em>teenagers <\/em><\/li>\n<li>18 or older \u2013 <em>men <\/em>or <em>women<\/em>, but not <em>gentlemen<\/em> or <em>ladies<\/em> (old-fashioned)<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t say <em>pensione<\/em>r (many people have pensions by 50 or 60)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Collective Nouns<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Businesses, organisations and public bodies are single entities, so take a singular verb:<\/li>\n<li><em>Nissan is <\/em>(not <em>are<\/em>), <em>Oxfam is<\/em>, <em>Sunderland City Council is<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Exceptions include police, sport and entertainment:<\/li>\n<li><em>Police are investigating \u2026<\/em>(but <em>the fire service is<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>Sunderland are the only North East team in the top flight.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Oasis are splitting up<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Dates<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>January 1, 2010<\/em>, not <em>January 1<sup>st<\/sup><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>September 2009<\/em> (no comma)<\/li>\n<li><em>She last met her adopted sister in the 1950s<\/em>. (not <em>Fifties<\/em> and no apostrophe)<\/li>\n<li>Use <em>14th Century<\/em> (not <em>14th century<\/em>) and note it is <em>200BC<\/em> but <em>AD 2004<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Use <em>the First World War\/Second World War<\/em> (not <em>World War One\/World War Two<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Disability<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Avoid offending readers, and bear in mind your wider responsibility not to reinforce negative and harmful perceptions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Don\u2019t<\/strong> call a person <em>mental<\/em> or <em>a mental patient<\/em>, but you may need to say someone is <em>mentally ill<\/em> or is <em>a<\/em> <em>psychiatric patient<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Don\u2019t<\/strong> say someone <em>suffers from a disability<\/em>, say they have it:<\/li>\n<li><em>Sally has cerebral palsy.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Don\u2019t<\/strong> say someone is <em>wheelchair-bound<\/em>. You may need to say they <em>use a wheelchair<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Do<\/strong> be specific about what someone\u2019s disability is, and don\u2019t use terms such as <em>cripple, spastic<\/em> or <em>handicapped<\/em><\/li>\n<li>If someone is visually impaired, don\u2019t wrongly call them <em>blind<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>They might not be totally deaf, but might have a hearing impairment<\/li>\n<li><em>Deaf and dumb<\/em>, and <em>deaf mute<\/em>, are inaccurate; use <em>deaf without speech<\/em> for those who have no useful hearing and whose normal means of communication is by signs, finger spelling or writing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Gender<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Don\u2019t<\/strong> define an individual in terms of their partner\n<ul>\n<li>Not<em> John Smith and his wife Lynne, <\/em>but<em> John and Lynne Smith<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Don\u2019t<\/strong> call someone <em>a mother-of-two<\/em> or refer casually to their appearance (eg <em>blonde Jane<\/em>) when it\u2019s irrelevant to the story, ie when you wouldn\u2019t refer to a man in the same way<\/li>\n<li><strong>Do<\/strong> use gender-neutral terminology:\n<ul>\n<li><em>actor <\/em>(for both male and female), not<em> actress<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>air steward, <\/em>not<em> air hostess<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>business people or executives, <\/em>not<em> businessmen<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>firefighter or fire crew, <\/em>not<em> fireman\/men<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>journalist, <\/em>not<em> newsman\/newsgirl<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>nurse, <\/em>not<em> male nurse<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>photographer, <\/em>not<em> cameraman<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>police officer, <\/em>not<em> policeman\/woman<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>refuse collector, <\/em>not<em> dustman<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>supervisor, <\/em>not <em>foreman<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Measures<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use metric measures rather than imperial, <strong>except<\/strong> for speeds and distance in miles not kilometres, and people\u2019s weight (especially babies) in stones, pounds and ounces<\/li>\n<li>For temperatures, use Celsius first, then Fahrenheit in brackets, as in <em>20C (68F),<\/em> but it is fine to use Fahrenheit for impact when, for example, <em>the temperature reaches 100F<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Use the following abbreviations:\n<ul>\n<li>inches<em> in<\/em><\/li>\n<li>foot\/feet<em> ft<\/em><em> (So, 5ft 9in)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>yard\/s<em> yd<\/em><\/li>\n<li>millimetre\/s<em> mm<\/em><\/li>\n<li>metre\/s<em> m<\/em><\/li>\n<li>kilometre\/s<em> km<\/em><\/li>\n<li>centimetre\/s<em> cm<\/em><\/li>\n<li>miles<em> spell out, <\/em>but miles per hour<em> mph<\/em><\/li>\n<li>ounce\/s<em> oz<\/em><\/li>\n<li>pound\/s<em> lb<\/em><\/li>\n<li>stone\/s<em> st (<\/em>So<em>, 10st 6lb)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>milligram\/s<em> mg<\/em><\/li>\n<li>gram\/s<em> g<\/em><\/li>\n<li>kilogram\/s<em> kg<\/em><\/li>\n<li>tonne\/s spell out<\/li>\n<li>pint <em>pt<\/em><\/li>\n<li>gallon <em>gal<\/em><\/li>\n<li>litre spell out<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Money <\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use <em>\u00a346.22<\/em> (not <em>\u00a346.22p<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><em>\u00a37million<\/em> (no space) on first reference then <em>\u00a37m<\/em>; <em>\u00a37billion<\/em> then <em>\u00a37bn<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Include a comma in thousands:<\/li>\n<li><em>It will cost \u00a375,000.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Use <em>the euro<\/em> in text but <em>\u20ac200<\/em> when giving specific amounts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Names<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>You need a first name and a surname \u2013 a story (even a vox pop) can\u2019t be published without both.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Give a person\u2019s name in full the first time your refer to them in a story, <strong>without <\/strong>using their title of <em>Mr, Mrs, Ms<\/em> or <em>Miss<\/em>:<\/li>\n<li><em>Joan Smith has appealed for the return of her daughter.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Thereafter, use <em>Mr, Mrs, Miss<\/em> or <em>Ms Smith<\/em> (note, no point after them). Always check the title a woman prefers. If in doubt, use<\/li>\n<li><em>Mrs Smith, 46, said she was desperate for news about her daughter Kelly.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>But there are <strong>exceptions<\/strong> to this rule. Refer to children (under 18) by their first name after the first reference:<\/li>\n<li><em>Kelly Smith has been missing since Tuesday. Kelly, 17, was last seen at her friend\u2019s home.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>In features and human interest stories, it is often appropriate to use first names throughout after the first reference.<\/li>\n<li><em>Fred Jones is celebrating today after winning the Lottery. Fred, 82, has won \u00a32million.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>In business, sport and arts stories, use only surnames after the first reference:<\/li>\n<li><em>Beckham was jeered on the pitch last night.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>In sport, nicknames are acceptable in tabloid journalism:<\/li>\n<li><em>Fergie, Becks<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Refer to defendants in court cases and convicted criminals by surname only, whether male or female, after the first reference.<\/li>\n<li><em>Smith, of Alexander Terrace, Sunderland, denied three charges of child cruelty.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Numbers <\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Write one to nine in words, then 10 (not ten), 11, 12, 13 etc in digits:<\/li>\n<li><em>James, 22, has a sister who is only nine.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Exceptions are percentages, weights, dates, time, temperature, sports scores, betting odds and votes:<\/li>\n<li><em>The meeting will be held at 9am on Monday, September 7.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Another exception is when a number is at the beginning of a sentence. Spell it out, even if it is 10 or above:<\/li>\n<li><em>Two hundred people are feared dead after an earthquake in China<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Per Cent <\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Not <em>%,<\/em> or <em>pc<\/em>, or <em>percent<\/em>. So <em>15 per cent<\/em> or <em>68.6 per cent<\/em>, or <em>minus 4 per cent<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Places<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use <em>North East<\/em>, not <em>North-East<\/em> or <em>northeast<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Newcastle upon Tyne has no hyphens. But for local use, just say <em>Newcastle<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Distinguish between Durham City and County Durham<\/li>\n<li>Note the spellings of Middlesbrough, Edinburgh, Peterborough<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Race\/Ethnicity<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Never refer to skin colour or ethnic origin unless crucial to the story<\/li>\n<li>Try to avoid the word <em>immigrant<\/em>, which is often used incorrectly to describe people who were born in Britain and which has negative connotations. Don\u2019t confuse <em>illegal immigrant<\/em> with <em>asylum seeker<\/em> (someone who has applied for refugee status). There is no such thing as an <em>illegal asylum seeker<\/em>, and an asylum seeker can become an illegal immigrant only if he or she remains in Britain after having failed to respond to a removal notice.<\/li>\n<li>Only mention the word <em>Gypsy<\/em> or <em>Traveller<\/em> if absolutely relevant. Recognised as ethnic groups under the Race Relations Act, so take a capital letter.<\/li>\n<li>Use <em>black <\/em>for people of African and African-Caribbean origin, <em>Asian<\/em> for those of Asian origin and <em>white<\/em> for Caucasians<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Telephone Numbers<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Use <em>0191 515 2000<\/em> (no hyphens, grouped by exchange).<\/p>\n<p>With mobiles, leave a space between the five-digit network code and the number. So <em>07964 865443<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>That<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>That<\/em> can often be cut from a sentence to save words.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He said <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">that <\/span>he would be leaving in half an hour.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>It is claimed <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through;\">that<\/span> the defendant stabbed his partner after a row.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Time<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The event will take place at 7.30pm<\/em> (no points between <em>p <\/em>and<em> m<\/em>, but a point distinguishes hours from minutes)<\/li>\n<li>For midday, use <em>noon<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Seasons: <em>autumn, winter, spring, summer<\/em> \u2013 no caps &#8211; but events such as Christmas, Easter, Good Friday and St George\u2019s Day do take caps<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Titles<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a capital for the first letter of each word in the title of a book, film, play, hymn, song, newspaper, painting or the name of a ship, train or boat, but don\u2019t put those names or titles in italics or quotes.<\/li>\n<li>Use lower case for job titles (apart from Government \u2013 see below), so it is <em>headteacher<\/em> and <em>managing director.<\/em> Local council posts are also lower case:<\/li>\n<li><em>chief executive Coun Dave Smith<\/em> \u2013 <u>even if the council itself uses capital letters for them.<\/u><\/li>\n<li>When referring to police forces, local councils and specific churches, cap up the title when you use it in full. But thereafter, use lower case for <em>the council<\/em>, <em>the police<\/em>, <em>the church<\/em>.\n<ul>\n<li><em>Sunderland City Council met last night. The council decided to raise taxes.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Northumbria Police have issued a new appeal. The police want to trace a missing man.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>St Peter\u2019s Church was built in 674. The church has been nominated for a World Heritage Site.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note \u2013 cap up Church when you are talking about the institution in general:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The Church is much less liberal in Nigeria.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Police<\/strong>. For police chief constable, use full title on first reference followed by Mr, Mrs, Ms or Miss:<\/li>\n<li><em>Chief Constable Joan Smith, <\/em>followed by<em> Ms Smith<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>For lower police ranks, use full title on first reference followed by abbreviated form of title:<\/li>\n<li><em>Superintendent Joan Smith, followed by Supt Smith. <\/em><\/li>\n<li>More abbreviations<em>:<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Chief Superintendent \u2013 Chief Supt<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Chief Inspector &#8211; Chief Insp<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Detective Chief Inspector \u2013 Det Chief Insp<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Detective Inspector \u2013 DI<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Detective Sergeant \u2013 DS<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Detective Constable \u2013 DC<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Sergeant \u2013 Sgt<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Police Constable \u2013 PC <\/em>(note \u2013 don\u2019t use <em>WPC<\/em>; women are police constables too<em>)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Council<\/strong> Abbreviate Councillor to <em>Coun<\/em> (note \u2013 no point afterwards), used for first and subsequent mentions. Remember, job titles are lower case\n<ul>\n<li><em>Coun Joan Smith, cabinet member for housing,<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Government<\/strong><em>. <\/em>The Government, the Cabinet, the General Election, and posts such as Prime Minister, Chancellor and Defence Secretary all take caps. But ministers and references to former governments and previous general elections, etc, are lower case<\/li>\n<li>Journalists commonly contract titles such as Secretary of State for Defence, to Defence Secretary, and Minister of State to defence minister. There is only one Secretary of State in a department, but there can be several ministers<\/li>\n<li>MPs: use <em>Sunderland South MP Chris Mullin<\/em>, or <em>Chris Mullin, MP<\/em>. In debate reports etc give party and constituency after the name on first mention, so <em>Fraser Kemp (Lab, Houghton and Washington East). <\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Courts<\/strong>. Judges are <em>Lord Justice<\/em> or <em>Mr Justice Smith<\/em> or, for County Court Judges, <em>His Honour<\/em>, <em>Judge Smith<\/em>. Then <em>the Judge<\/em> \u2026<\/li>\n<li>Church of England clergy are referred to as the <em>Rev John\/Jane Smith<\/em>, then <em>Mr\/Mrs\/Ms Smith<\/em> (note it is <em>the Rev<\/em>).\n<ul>\n<li>Archbishop &#8211; First time refer to <em>the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, <\/em>then <em>Dr Williams.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Bishop &#8211; <em>The Bishop of Durham, the Rt Rev Tom Wright<\/em>, then <em>the bishop<\/em> or <em>Bishop Wright.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Roman Catholic parish priests are initially <em>Rev John Smith<\/em>, then <em>Father Smith<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Pope &#8211; Give his full name first time, so <em>Pope Benedict XVI<\/em>, then <em>the Pope<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Jews &#8211; religious teachers are rabbis (eg<em>, Rabbi Lionel Blue<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>Islam \u2013 followers are known as Muslims, and their spiritual leaders are imams (eg, <em>Hussein Ahmed, Imam of the Whitechapel mosque<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>Hindus &#8211; refer to a Hindu priest (eg, <em>Nathubhai Patel, priest of the Southall Hindu temple<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li>Sikhs \u2013 followers worship at a gurdwara (temple) and their religious teacher is a priest (eg, <em>Surinder Singh, priest of the Barking Gurdwara<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Army<\/strong><em>. <\/em>Use full title on first reference, then abbreviated form. E.g., General John Smith, then Gen Smith. Other abbreviations:<\/li>\n<li>Field-Marshal<em> &#8211; FM<\/em><\/li>\n<li>General<em> &#8211; Gen<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Major <em>&#8211; Maj <\/em><\/li>\n<li>Brigadier<em> &#8211; Brig<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Colonel <em>&#8211; Col<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Captain<em> &#8211; Capt<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Lieutenant<em> &#8211; Lt<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Sergeant <em>&#8211; Sgt<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Lance-Sergeant<em> &#8211; L Sgt<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Corporal <em>&#8211; Cpl<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Private &#8211;<em> Pte<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Guardsman<em> &#8211; Gdsmn<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Trooper<em> -Tpr<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Royalty<\/strong><em>. <\/em>Refer to the <em>Royal Family<\/em> (note caps)\n<ul>\n<li><em>the Queen<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>the Prince of Wales<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>the Duchess of Cornwall<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>the Princess Royal <\/em>(not Princess Anne)<\/li>\n<li><em>the Duke of Edinburgh <\/em>or <em>Prince Philip<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>the Duke of York <\/em>or<em> Prince Andrew<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Honours<\/strong>. For Knights, Baronets and Dames \u2013 full name and title on first reference, then title and first name thereafter\n<ul>\n<li><em>Sir Bobby Robson <\/em>on first reference<em>, <\/em>then<em> Sir Bobby.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Dame Jennifer Jenkins, <\/em>then <em>Dame Jennifer.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Trade Names<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Follow a company\u2019s style of referring to itself, right down to use of capitals:<\/li>\n<li><em>easyJet, adidas, Bhs, Coca-Cola, MetroCentre, One NorthEast<\/em> and <em>PlayStation<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t use a company name or trade name as a generic term. So\n<ul>\n<li><em>ballpens, <\/em>not<em> Biros<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>condoms, <\/em>not<em> Durex<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>cash dispenser, <\/em>not <em>Cashpoint <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>sticky tape, <\/em>not <em>Sellotape<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>vacuum cleaner, <\/em>not <em>Hoover<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>whirlpool bath, <\/em>not <em>Jacuzzi<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>adventure holiday, <\/em>not <em>Outward Bound<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Wasted Words<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Keep your writing as concise and concrete as you can. Avoid jargon and words that are redundant, too formal or imprecise. Some examples (and preferred options) are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>adjacent to &#8211; <em>near<\/em><\/li>\n<li>approximately &#8211; <em>about<\/em><\/li>\n<li>as a result of &#8211; <em>because<\/em><\/li>\n<li>as yet &#8211; <em>yet<\/em><\/li>\n<li>at an early date &#8211; <em>soon<\/em><\/li>\n<li>at present &#8211; <em>now<\/em><\/li>\n<li>at this moment in time &#8211; <em>now<\/em><\/li>\n<li>cause injuries <em>&#8211; injure<\/em><\/li>\n<li>concerning &#8211; <em>about <\/em><\/li>\n<li>the deceased &#8211; use the name<\/li>\n<li>despite the fact that &#8211; <em>although<\/em><\/li>\n<li>during the course of &#8211; <em>during<\/em><\/li>\n<li>exceeding the speed limit &#8211; <em>speeding<\/em><\/li>\n<li>for the purpose of &#8211; <em>to<\/em><\/li>\n<li>gale-force winds &#8211; <em>gales<\/em><\/li>\n<li>gathered together &#8211; <em>met<\/em><\/li>\n<li>head up &#8211; <em>head<\/em><\/li>\n<li>in attendance &#8211; <em>present<\/em><\/li>\n<li>in connection with &#8211; <em>abou<\/em>t<\/li>\n<li>in order to &#8211; <em>to<\/em><\/li>\n<li>in the near future &#8211; <em>soon<\/em><\/li>\n<li>in the event of &#8211; <em>if<\/em><\/li>\n<li>managed to is always redundant, so <em>he escaped<\/em>, not <em>he managed to escape<\/em><\/li>\n<li>park up &#8211; <em>park<\/em><\/li>\n<li>pass away \u2013 <em>die <\/em>(<em>pass away<\/em> is also a euphemism \u2013 an indirect, unnecessarily polite way of referring to something. Whenever possible, we avoid euphemisms.)<\/li>\n<li>per annum &#8211; <em>a year<\/em><\/li>\n<li>resides at &#8211; <em>lives at<\/em><\/li>\n<li>the police &#8211; <em>police<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Avoid <strong>tautology<\/strong> \u2013 using words to say the same thing twice. Examples are <em>past history<\/em> (history is always past), <em>free gift<\/em> (a gift is by definition free), <em>creating 20 new jobs <\/em>(if they\u2019re being created, then they must be new), <em>still remains<\/em>, <em>link together<\/em>, <em>completely full<\/em>, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Also avoid <em>currently<\/em> \u2013 it rarely adds anything useful. And steer clear of <em>recently<\/em>, especially in intros, because it is too vague to be of much use.<\/p>\n<p id=\"Anchor2\"><strong>GRAMMAR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Sentence<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Clear, accurate writing is at the heart of good journalism and PR. Sentences are the building blocks of that writing. <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A sentence expresses <strong>a complete thought.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>A sentence makes <strong>complete<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><u>Make sure your sentences are clear and complete.<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>We can have one-word sentences.\u00a0 Commands such as <em>\u201cJump!\u201d<\/em> or <em>\u201cStop!\u201d<\/em> are sentences, as are exclamations such as <em>\u201cNever!\u201d<\/em> or <em>\u201cUnbelievable!\u201d,<\/em> and questions such as <em>\u201cWho?\u201d<\/em> or <em>\u201cWhere?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>However, most of the sentences we use in journalism and PR <u>must<\/u> have a <strong>verb<\/strong> and a <strong>subject<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>verb<\/strong> expresses the action in a sentence. It is the most important word; it gives a sentence its power. Sometimes that action is obvious \u2013 when we talk about walking, eating, jumping, shooting, for instance; sometimes it is less obvious \u2013 as in being, becoming, feeling.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>subject<\/strong> carries out the action.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>Example:<\/u>\u00a0 <em>The journalist writes a story for the newspaper.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The journalist<\/em> is the <strong>subject<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><em>Writes <\/em>is the <strong>verb<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The sentence makes complete sense: we have a clear mental image of the journalist writing a story.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A sentence can have more than one main verb:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The journalist <strong>writes<\/strong> a story and <strong>sends<\/strong> it to the news editor.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The journalist <strong>wrote <\/strong>a story, <strong>sent<\/strong> it to the news editor and <strong>left<\/strong> the office.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Subject and main verb can be seen in complete journalistic sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Estate\u00a0agent Carole Bohanan <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>will brew up<\/em><\/strong><em> some toil and trouble after winning an X Factor-style witch hunt. <\/em>(Daily Mirror)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>A Cambridge physicist<\/em><\/strong><em> who pioneered the idea that everything in the universe is made up of tiny vibrating strings of energy <strong>is to succeed<\/strong> Stephen Hawking in the most prestigious academic post in the world. <\/em>(Guardian)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>If you\u2019re writing full sentences like this, check that they have a subject and a main verb. Read them through; if possible, read them aloud.<\/u><\/p>\n<p>We can think of a <strong><u>subordinate clause<\/u><\/strong> as a group of words forming part of a sentence.\u00a0\u00a0 A subordinate clause adds information to that sentence but cannot stand on its own.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Estate\u00a0agent Carole Bohanan <\/em><em>will brew up some toil and trouble<strong> after winning an X Factor-style witch hunt.<\/strong> <\/em><\/li>\n<li>The words in bold form a subordinate clause. On its own such a clause does not form a sentence; it is merely a <strong><u>fragment<\/u><\/strong> (sentence fragment).<\/li>\n<li><u>Don\u2019t write<strong><em>:<\/em><\/strong><\/u> <em>Estate\u00a0agent Carole Bohanan <\/em><em>will brew up some toil and trouble<\/em><strong><em>. <\/em><\/strong><em>After winning an X Factor-style witch hunt.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Some fragments look very much like sentences \u2013 they have subject and verb but they begin with a subordinating conjunction, or linking word, that is clearly part of a previous sentence.<\/li>\n<li>Some fragments create quite strong images but do not work as sentences because they are incomplete \u2013 they leave questions unanswered.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The following words in bold are not sentences. They are <strong>fragments<\/strong>.<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>In each case the fragment is part of the previous sentence and should be preceded by a comma, not a full stop. <u>Don\u2019t make the mistake of writing fragments like these instead of full sentences:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>James Smith has been back to his home town many times. <strong>Although it is more than a decade since he visited the club where he played his first gig.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><em>He has just released his second album. <strong>Produced by studio wizard Trevor Horn at his state-of-the-art recording complex.<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Brown has had much experience of life in the Championship. <strong>Playing in midfield for Wolves and Ipswich before his transfer to Reading.<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Sentences can start with <em>and<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Sentences can start with <em>but <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>And <\/em>and <em>but <\/em>are not subordinating conjunctions; they are coordinating conjunctions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These are sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>To pay his university fees John worked every night of the week in a supermarket. <strong>And for the next three years he studied hard to get a good degree<\/strong>.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Many of the students battled through the snow to get to their lectures, arriving cold but ready to work. <strong>But some of them, who lived a long way from the campus, were unable to get to classes on time<\/strong>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>While sentence fragments should be avoided in formal writing, they are sometimes used by expert writers to create a particular effect. However, it is rare for these fragments to be merely snapped-off subordinate clauses.<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s an example from Fear And Loathing In Las Vegas, by the celebrated journalist and author Hunter S Thompson, which first appeared in Rolling Stone magazine in 1971:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u201cAbout 20 miles east of Baker I stopped to check the drug bag. The sun was hot and I felt like killing something. <strong> Even a big lizard.<\/strong>\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In examples like this, the subject and\/or verb is usually understood. Such formations are often used in speech.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u201cI\u2019ve never had any ambition, or thought of what I should be doing or had any idea of what I\u2019d like to do. <strong> And still don\u2019t<\/strong>.\u201d<\/em> (Joanna Lumley interviewed in the Guardian).<\/li>\n<li>In both cases the subject and the verb are understood \u2013 <em>(I have) Never (had). And (I) still don\u2019t (hav<\/em>e).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Comma Splice<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Another common mistake in sentence construction is to splice two sentences together with a comma.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>A junior minister who fiddled his expenses has resigned from his post after an investigation by the Daily Telegraph. He will, however, stay on as an MP.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>These are two crisp, complete sentences. They tell two distinct parts of the story.<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t make the mistake of joining them with a comma.<\/li>\n<li><u>Don\u2019t write<\/u>: <em>A junior minister who fiddled his expenses has resigned after an investigation by the Daily Telegraph, he will, however, stay on as an MP.<\/em><em style=\"font-size: revert; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background); color: var(--wp--preset--color--foreground); font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--system-font);\">\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Make sure it all adds up<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If your sentence has two subjects with one verb, make sure your verb is plural.<\/li>\n<li><em>Punctuation and grammar <strong>do <\/strong>make a difference to the quality of a piece of writing.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><u>Don\u2019t write:<\/u> <em>Punctuation and grammar <strong>does<\/strong> make a difference to the quality of a piece of writing.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>If you have a singular subject, don\u2019t have a plural verb.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u201cAnyone who thinks I will resign from my job i<strong>s<\/strong>\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li><u>Don\u2019t write:<\/u> <em>\u201cAnyone who thinks I will resign from my job <strong>are<\/strong>\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Make sure your nouns and pronouns match up.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>The North East fishing coble is rarely seen off the coast these days because <strong>it has<\/strong> been superseded by larger boats. <\/em><\/li>\n<li><u>Don\u2019t write:<\/u> <em>The North East fishing coble is rarely seen off the coast these days because <strong>they have<\/strong> been superseded by larger boats.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Paragraph<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Sentences are combined in paragraphs. In news and online writing keep paragraphs short, carrying one or two, at the most three, crisp sentences of related material. Sentences and paragraphs must follow a logical progression; don\u2019t write a series of unconnected statements. It is unusual for a news paragraph to exceed 50 words. In feature and magazine writing paragraphs can be longer.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Verbs \u2013 Past Participles<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Usually when we turn a present tense verb into a past tense we add <strong><em>\u2013ed<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>Examples:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I walk<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I walked<\/em><\/li>\n<li>I have <em>walked<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I had walked<\/em><\/li>\n<li>However, many everyday verbs don\u2019t follow that pattern, and they often cause trouble for students.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>Examples:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>I write, I wrote, I have\/had <strong>written <\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I run, I ran, I have\/had <strong>run<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I go, I went, I have\/had <strong>gone<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I take, I took, I have\/had <strong>taken<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I get, I got, I have\/had <strong>got<\/strong> (not gotten)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I speak, I spoke, I have\/had <strong>spoken<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I have, I had, I have\/had <strong>had<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I ring, I rang, I have\/had <strong>rung<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li>The past participle of lead is<\/li>\n<li><em>I led a simple life.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I have led a simple life.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Do not confuse led (the verb) with lead (the metal). <u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Dangling Participle <\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>This is a really common problem in journalism and PR. Watch out for it.<\/p>\n<p><u>Example:<\/u>\u00a0 <strong><em>Heaped <\/em><\/strong><em>on a massive plate, <strong>she<\/strong> did her best to polish off her meal.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The participle in the opening subordinate clause (<em>heaped<\/em>) does not refer to the subject of the sentence (<em>she<\/em>); it refers to <em>meal<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The participle in an opening clause such as this must refer to the subject.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The sentence should have been written like this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>She did her best to polish off her meal, which was heaped on a massive plate.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A similar problem can arise with phrases used to introduce sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>A clever girl, she easily passed her exams<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is correct.\u00a0 The phrase (<em>a clever girl<\/em>) relates to the subject of the sentence (<em>she<\/em>).\u00a0 Compare with this example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>A clever girl, her exam questions were brilliantly answered.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This is incorrect.\u00a0 The phrase (<em>a clever girl<\/em>) does not relate to the subject of the sentence (<em>her exam questions<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p id=\"Anchor3\"><strong>PUNCTUATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Full Stop<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use at the end of sentences<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t use with abbreviations, contractions, initials or titles:<\/li>\n<li><em>Mr <\/em>not<\/li>\n<li><em>BBC <\/em>not <em>B.C.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>TS Eliot not T.S. Eliot<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>8pm, <\/em>not <em>8 p.m.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t use in headlines, standfirsts, captions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Comma <\/u><\/strong><\/span>has many uses; these are a few of the most important.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use it to separate a series of adjectives:<\/li>\n<li><em>Journalists have a duty to be honest, accurate, ethical citizens. <\/em><\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t use it when tightly linked adjectives build up a picture:<\/li>\n<li><em>The reporter bought a bright red sports car. <\/em><\/li>\n<li>Use it when you have a series of main verbs in a sentence:<\/li>\n<li><em>The reporter wrote a story for the paper, knocked out a piece for the website and filmed some video footage.<\/em> Note there is no comma before the last item in the list.<\/li>\n<li>Use it when attributing quotes:<\/li>\n<li><em>\u201cIt\u2019s the best story he\u2019s written this year,\u201d she said.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Use after <em>for example, however, nevertheless, <\/em>(when used adverbially):<\/li>\n<li><em>However, the event turned out to be disaster.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Use when you are inserting a phrase or clause into a sentence:<\/li>\n<li><em>John Smith, from Brighton, is a fine student journalist.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>John Smith\u2019s first novel, From Here To Hove, was published in 2005.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>John Smith, who used to work for Tesco, began studying journalism at Sunderland University in 2009.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>In these examples the words between the commas could be taken out and the sentence would still make sense.<\/u><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0But<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>No commas<\/u>. <em>Brighton novelist John Smith came to Sunderland in 2009.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>If you take out <em>John Smith,<\/em> it no longer makes complete sense. <\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Be careful with sentences such as these:<\/li>\n<li><em>The Brighton novelist, John Smith, came to Sunderland in 2009. <\/em>This suggests there is only one novelist in Brighton.<\/li>\n<li><em>John Smith\u2019s novel, From Here To Hove, was published in 2005. <\/em>This suggests he has written only one novel.<\/li>\n<li>It would be more accurate to write: <em>The Brighton novelist John Smith came to Sunderland in 2009. John Smith\u2019s novel From Here To Hove was published in 2005.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Use a comma when you put a clause at the beginning or end of a sentence, if you feel it will make the sentence clearer or will allow the reader to take a pause.<\/li>\n<li><em>Because he has already written novels, John Smith finds it easy to write journalism.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Semicolon<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Use it:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To join two closely related sentences:<\/li>\n<li><em>For years John Smith had dreamed of publishing a novel; now he had achieved it. <\/em><\/li>\n<li>In balanced sentences, where one half has equal weight to the other:<\/li>\n<li><em>Some journalists were brilliant; some were less so.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>To separate long items in a list:<\/li>\n<li><em>Among the journalists you will find on a newspaper are reporters, who gather the news; sub-editors, who write the headlines and often arrange the words on a page; and editors, who are in charge of a section, or who run the newspaper itself.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some tabloid newspapers avoid the use of the semicolon \u2013 particularly in news stories.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Colon<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Use it:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To introduce full sentence quotes:<\/li>\n<li><em>He said: \u201cI find it impossible to believe this man.\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li>To introduce lists, or to introduce words that explain or expand on a statement:<\/li>\n<li><em>There were three kinds of tree in the park: elm, beech and oak.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Hyphen<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Use it:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When putting a <strong>prefix<\/strong> on a word:<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>extra<\/em><\/strong><em>-marital, <strong>pre-<\/strong>Christian, <strong>multi-<\/strong>purpose<\/em><\/li>\n<li>When linking words in descriptions:<\/li>\n<li><em>Ice-cold beer, Sunderland-born man, 12-year-old girl<\/em><\/li>\n<li>When forming compound nouns:<\/li>\n<li>check-in, get-together, brother-in-law<\/li>\n<li>When writing out numbers at the beginning of sentences:<\/li>\n<li><em>forty-four, eighty-nine <\/em><\/li>\n<li>When double letters need to be separated:<\/li>\n<li><em>co-operate, re-examine<\/em><\/li>\n<li>When distinguishing between meanings:<\/li>\n<li><em>re-creation and recreation, re-form and reform, resign and re-sign, recover and re-cover<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>But: <\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Don\u2019t use with adverbs that end in-ly:<\/li>\n<li><em>A newly built school, a recently discovered plan; not a newly-built school, a recently-discovered plan.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Make sure you have the hyphen between the right words. As Lynne Truss points out:<\/li>\n<li><em>A cross-section of the public is not the same as a cross section of the public <\/em>(2003:171).<\/li>\n<li>Remember that such pairs of words lose their hyphens when used in other contexts:<\/li>\n<li><em>We check in at the check-in.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Use a hyphen with <em>well<\/em> and <em>much<\/em> when they come before a noun:<\/li>\n<li><em>He was a well-known actor.<\/em> <em>The actor was well known. <\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>He was a much-loved character. He was a character who was much loved.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>This is a well-founded belief. The belief was well founded.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Dash<\/u><\/strong><\/span> This is twice the length of a hyphen. Microsoft Word will produce a dash automatically if you leave a space after a word, type the hyphen, then leave a second space before your next word.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If you are including material within a sentence in<em> parenthesis <\/em>\u2013 where you insert a passage for explanation or comment \u2013 use dashes rather than brackets:<\/li>\n<li><em>Many of the professions \u2013 medicine, law, teaching, for example \u2013 require entrants to have a university degree. <\/em><\/li>\n<li><u>Don\u2019t write:<\/u> <em>Many of the professions (medicine, law, teaching, for example) require entrants to have a university degree.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Use it to expand upon, explain, justify a statement:<\/li>\n<li><em>That was how it was explained to him \u2013 as a means of equipping people to be better citizens.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In this example, a colon could be used instead. The colon is more formal; the dash is often used in tabloid journalism, but some publications have banned journalists using a dash where a colon or, in some cases, a semicolon, could be used.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use it to introduce an element of surprise, or to include remarkable information<\/li>\n<li><em>Sunderland was under siege today \u2013 from Oasis fans trying to get tickets for the band\u2019s show at the Stadium of Light.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Exclamation Mark<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Much used in informal writing \u2013 emails, texts etc \u2013 but best avoided in journalism and formal writing. Use it when quoting people shouting or exclaiming:<\/li>\n<li><em>The young man kept shouting: \u201cJump out of the window!\u201d <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Slash or Oblique Stroke<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>signifies an alternative:<\/li>\n<li><em>and\/or<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t use it where a hyphen is needed:<\/li>\n<li>A <em>singer\/songwriter <\/em>is someone who is <strong>either<\/strong> a singer or a songwriter. The correct usage is <em>singer-songwriter<\/em> \u2013 someone who is a singer <strong>and<\/strong> a songwriter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>The Apostrophe<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is used when we <strong>contract<\/strong> words<\/li>\n<li>It is used to show ownership, or <strong>possession<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Contractions<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>haven\u2019t (have not)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>shouldn\u2019t (should not)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>they\u2019ll (they will)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>I\u2019d (I would)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>let\u2019s (let us)<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>here\u2019s (here is)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Possession<\/u><\/strong><\/span><strong> (<\/strong>much easier than you think)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>With most <u>singular<\/u> nouns, we show possession like this:<\/li>\n<li><em>the <strong>book\u2019s <\/strong>cover<\/em> (one book)<\/li>\n<li><em>the <strong>city\u2019s<\/strong> biggest shops<\/em> (one city)<\/li>\n<li>It\u2019s the same with these plurals:<\/li>\n<li><em>the <strong>women\u2019s<\/strong> clothing<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>the <strong>children\u2019s<\/strong> shoes<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>people\u2019s<\/em><\/strong><em> beliefs<\/em><\/li>\n<li>But with most <u>plurals<\/u>, which end in \u2018s\u2019, the apostrophe goes at the end of the word:<\/li>\n<li><em>the <strong>books\u2019<\/strong> covers<\/em> (more than one book)<\/li>\n<li><em>the <strong>cities\u2019 <\/strong>biggest shops<\/em> (more than one city)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>Possessive of names ending in \u2018s\u2019:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In these cases it\u2019s all about ease of speaking. If you can add an apostrophe \u2018s\u2019 and it\u2019s easy to say, do so:<\/li>\n<li><em>Dylan <strong>Thomas\u2019s<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n<li>But if it is clearly going to be a right gobful to add an apostrophe and an \u2018s\u2019, just put an apostrophe:<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Socrates\u2019<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Ulysses\u2019<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Aristophanes\u2019<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li>It\u2019s the same with certain singular nouns which end in \u2018s\u2019, such as <em>goodness<\/em>: as in the phrase <em>for <strong>goodness\u2019<\/strong> sake<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <u>Note:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>We write:<\/li>\n<li><em>six weeks\u2019 time<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>eight months\u2019 time<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>14 years\u2019 time<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>because we are talking about the time <em>belonging <\/em>to six weeks, eight months or 14 years.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Don\u2019t<\/u><\/strong> use apostrophes with numbers, dates:<\/li>\n<li><em>1600s<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>1980s<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Don\u2019t use an apostrophe to make plurals: pizzas, not pizza\u2019s, potatoes, not potato\u2019s.\u00a0 Don\u2019t use an apostrophe to make names plural. For instance, the Wilsons, the Browns. Surnames ending in \u2018s\u2019 add -\u2018es\u2019 when plural: the Davises, the Ellises. If you want to talk about the cat belonging to the Davis family, it is the Davises\u2019 cat.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Do<\/u><\/strong> use an apostrophe with plurals of letters:<\/li>\n<li><em>p\u2019s and q\u2019s<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Note:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You don\u2019t need to put an apostrophe with a <strong>possessive pronoun:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Hers<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>yours<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>ours<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>theirs<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>its<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>It\u2019s<\/em> has an apostrophe when it is a contraction of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>it is<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>it has<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>Note the difference in this sentence:<\/u><strong><em> \u00a0It\u2019<\/em><\/strong><em>s a question of ethics \u2013 and commerce \u2013 when a newspaper does not act in the best interests of <strong>its<\/strong> readers.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>QUOTING<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Our style is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He said: \u201cIt\u2019s just too late. I don\u2019t think we can save her.\u201d <\/em>(Note the space between colon and quote marks)<\/li>\n<li><em>\u201cIt\u2019s just too late. I don\u2019t think we can save her,\u201d he said.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note that the full stop in the first example, and the comma in the second, is inside the quotes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It\u2019s the same when you use a question mark or an exclamation mark:<\/li>\n<li><em>He asked: \u201cIs this the way to Amarillo?\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>He shouted: \u201cGet off the grass!\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li>If you need to quote within quotes you do it like this:<\/li>\n<li><em>The vicar said: \u201cThe churchwarden has expressed his \u2018extreme regret\u2019 about this unfortunate incident.\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Thinking is treated the same as speaking:<\/li>\n<li><em>I thought: \u201cI\u2019ve got to find some way out of here.\u201d<\/em><\/li>\n<li>If you have to use a partial quote, it goes like this:<\/li>\n<li><em>He said it was a \u201ccomplete disgrace\u201d that nothing had been done.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the partial quote comes at the end of a sentence, the full stop goes outside the quote marks.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>He said it was a \u201ccomplete disgrace\u201d.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Note: <\/u><\/strong>\u00a0Make sure that, before you quote, you have named the person you are quoting.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><u>Quotes in feature writing<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In news writing the style is to attribute quotes (say who\u2019s speaking) at the start, or sometimes the end, of a sentence. In feature writing the words flow less rigidly, more creatively.\u00a0 You can place the attribution where you think it will work best \u2013 to emphasise certain words, for instance, or to add colour, drama or description.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u201cIt haunts me,\u201d says Paddy McAloon in his lovely, lilting North East accent, as he emerges, \u201cblinking into the daylight\u201d for an hour-long tussle during which he repeatedly tries to \u201csquare the circle\u201d of writing hundreds of songs and yet releasing almost none of them. \u201cIt haunts me, it really does. I look at all the boxes, and inside some of them I know are good songs but I can\u2019t remember them. I\u2019ll write a new song with the same title sometimes because I can\u2019t be bothered to look for the old one. It\u2019s reached that stage.<\/em>\u201d Reclusive, prolific songwriter Paddy McAloon, formerly of Prefab Sprout, interviewed in The Word.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u201cThe Bee was heaven,\u201d she says, in a warm, sad kind of way. \u201cHe thought he was a dog, I think, because when I used to go and post letters in the village where we lived down in Kent, he would walk down the street with me.\u201d Joanna Lumley talking about her cat in <\/em>the Guardian\u2019s G2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"Anchor4\"><strong>A-Z OF TRICKY WORDS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This section covers common misspellings and words that don\u2019t mean quite what you think they do.<\/p>\n<p>As a general rule, prefer <em>\u2013ise<\/em> to <em>\u2013ize<\/em> (so <em>organise<\/em>, not <em>organize<\/em>), <em>-ed<\/em> to <em>\u2013t<\/em> (so <em>learned,<\/em> not <em>learnt<\/em>), and\u00a0 <em>-y<\/em> to <em>\u2013ie<\/em> (so <em>aunty<\/em> and <em>chippy<\/em>, not <em>auntie<\/em> and <em>chippie<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Use a dictionary. Remember, many computer spellcheckers default to a US dictionary, so check yours is set to use UK English. Spellcheckers are a useful tool for highlighting possible errors but don\u2019t understand meaning so will let mistakes through.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>a or an before h?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 use <em>a <\/em>when the <em>h <\/em>is sounded: <em>a historic event, a history lesson,<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a hotel, a historian; <\/em>use <em>an <\/em>when the <em>h <\/em>is silent: <em>an hour, an<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 honour, an honest guy, an honorary doctorate<\/em><\/p>\n<p>abattoir \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>abbattoir<\/em><\/p>\n<p>about\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 use with figures, so <em>about 100<\/em> not <em>around <\/em>or <em>approximately<\/em><\/p>\n<p>accede\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 use <em>allow, grant<\/em><\/p>\n<p>accidentally\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>accidently<\/em><\/p>\n<p>accommodation\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two <em>\u2018c\u2019s<\/em>, two <em>\u2019m\u2019s<\/em><\/p>\n<p>acknowledgment\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>acknowledgement<\/em><\/p>\n<p>adopted, adoptive\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 a child is <em>adopted<\/em>, the parents are <em>adoptive<\/em><\/p>\n<p>adorable\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>adoreable<\/em><\/p>\n<p>adrenalin\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>adrenaline <\/em><\/p>\n<p>advise\/advice\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>advise<\/em> is the verb (meaning to give advice), <em>advice<\/em> is the noun (it\u2019s what you give)<\/p>\n<p>adviser\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>advisor<\/em>, but <em>advisory<\/em><\/p>\n<p>affect\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 is the verb (<em>pollution affects climate change<\/em>), effect is the noun (<em>pollution has an effect on climate change<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>ageing\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 needs the <em>\u2018e\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>aggravate\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 intensify, make worse, not irritate or annoy<\/p>\n<p>aerial\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 for TV reception and in the sky; <em>arial<\/em> is a font<\/p>\n<p>A-level\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen, no quotes (not <em>\u2018A\u2019 Level<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>all right\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 never <em>alright<\/em><\/p>\n<p>alter\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means change, an<em> altar<\/em> is found in church<\/p>\n<p>amendment\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not double <em>\u2018m\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>amid\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>amidst<\/em><\/p>\n<p>among\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>amongst<\/em><\/p>\n<p>ante\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means before<\/p>\n<p>anti\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means against, ie <em>anti-war protester<\/em><\/p>\n<p>appeal\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 We appeal<em> against <\/em>a decision\/verdict\/sentence. We don\u2019t<\/p>\n<p>appeal a decision\/verdict\/sentence. See <em>impact<\/em><\/p>\n<p>avert, avoid\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 avoid things that are; avert their possibility (in the future) so <em>By stepping on to the pavement I avoided\u00a0 a car and averted an acciden<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>B<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>bachelor\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>batchelor<\/em><\/p>\n<p>banister\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one <em>\u2018n\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>bank holiday\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no caps<\/p>\n<p>banknotes\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>bare\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to reveal, exposed, eg\u00a0 <em>he bared his soul,<\/em> <em>the bare facts<\/em><\/p>\n<p>bear\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 furry animal, or to hold <em>(to bear the weight<\/em>), to tolerate (<em>I can\u2019t bear it<\/em>), or to accept (<em>to bear responsibility<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>believable\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>-ie-<\/em><\/p>\n<p>benefit, benefited, benefiting<\/p>\n<p>best man\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no caps. Write <em>The best man was John Smith<\/em> rather than the judgmental <em>John Smith was the best man<\/em><\/p>\n<p>biased \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 adjective (bias is the noun). So <em>Sports writers can be biased<\/em>. <em>There is a bias in favour of London clubs.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>biannual\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 half yearly, twice a year, <em>biennial<\/em> is every two years<\/p>\n<p>Bible\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cap when it is the Holy Bible, lower case when general (<em>Wisden is the bible for cricket fans<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>bishop\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lower case, unless referring to a specific person, eg <em>the Bishop of Durham<\/em><\/p>\n<p>blackout\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>black\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 avoid as a pejorative description, eg <em>black economy<\/em><\/p>\n<p>breakdown\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word as noun, but two as verb. eg <em>I\u2019m heading for a breakdown. But will my car break down?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>breakthrough\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>breach\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026.of trust, but <em>breech<\/em> of a gun<\/p>\n<p>breath\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as noun, eg <em>take a deep breath<\/em>. But breathe as a verb, eg <em>breathe more easily<\/em><\/p>\n<p>breathalyser\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not a <em>\u2018z\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>broadband\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word, lower case<\/p>\n<p>the Budget\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 capped when refers to official statement of Government spending plans, announced by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, otherwise lower case (eg <em>budget cuts<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>budgeted\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one <em>\u2018t\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>bullseye\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>buses\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural of bus (not <em>busses<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>by-election\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>bylaw\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>bye law<\/em> or <em>by-law<\/em><\/p>\n<p>bypass\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no hyphen<\/p>\n<p>by-product\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>C<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Cabinet\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 in Government takes cap, lower case for council cabinet<\/p>\n<p>canvas\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 is material used for tents<\/p>\n<p>canvass\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 discuss, seek votes<\/p>\n<p>Catholic\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 capped for the religion but lower case for general, eg <em>She has catholic tastes<\/em><\/p>\n<p>chair\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 use <em>chairman\/woman<\/em> unless the individual prefers <em>chair<\/em><\/p>\n<p>changeable \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<em>-ea-<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Channel 4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not Channel Four<\/p>\n<p>charges\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 she admitted six charges of theft (not US <em>counts<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>checkouts\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (supermarket), one word<\/p>\n<p>Christmas\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xmas is banned in copy, OK in headlines<\/p>\n<p>chronic\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means continuous, not severe or painful.<\/p>\n<p>civil servant\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lower case<\/p>\n<p>climactic\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (climax) but <em>climatic <\/em>(climate)<\/p>\n<p>closed circuit\u00a0 television \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>close circuit television<\/em>, CCT thereafter<\/p>\n<p>clubhouse\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>coconut<\/p>\n<p>collectables\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>collectibles<\/em><\/p>\n<p>commence\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 use <em>start<\/em> or <em>begin<\/em><\/p>\n<p>common sense\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as noun, eg <em>he has a lot of common sense<\/em>, but <em>commonsense<\/em> for adjective, eg <em>he had commonsense values<\/em><\/p>\n<p>compared\u00a0 to\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means to liken to, as in <em>Wayne Rooney compared himself to Pele.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>compared with\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means to make a comparison, as in <em>We might compare potatoes with tomatoes, to\u00a0 see which is the more nutritious.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>complement\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 makes something complete, go with<\/p>\n<p>complementary<\/p>\n<p>compliment\/<\/p>\n<p>complimentary\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 you pay someone a compliment. Complimentary is something nice or something free (<em>complimentary remark, a complimentary ticket<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>comprise\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to include or consist of. Note \u2013 not <em>comprise of<\/em><\/p>\n<p>contemporary \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 at the same time (not necessarily at the present time).<\/p>\n<p>council tax\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lower case<\/p>\n<p>councillor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 someone elected to a council (note, not US <em>councilor<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>counsellor\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 someone who gives advice (not US <em>counselor<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>crackdown\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as a noun, eg <em>police launched a crackdown on crime<\/em>. But two words as a verb, eg <em>the police must crack down on crime<\/em><\/p>\n<p>co-operate\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 needs the hyphen<\/p>\n<p>cul-de-sac\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphenate, plural is <em>culs-de-sac<\/em><\/p>\n<p>curb\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means restrain, <em>kerbs<\/em> are at the side of a roa<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>D<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>damage \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a3100 damage, not \u00a3100 worth of damage<\/p>\n<p>data\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 singular is <em>datum<\/em><\/p>\n<p>daydream\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>deckchair\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>defensible \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not\u00a0 &#8211;<em>able<\/em><\/p>\n<p>desert\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 noun meaning arid region or verb meaning to abandon<\/p>\n<p>dessert\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 is a pudding<\/p>\n<p>definite\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>-ate<\/em>; often unnecessary, ie a decision must be definite<\/p>\n<p>demonstrators\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>demonstraters<\/em><\/p>\n<p>device\/devise\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>device<\/em> is the noun meaning a gadget, scheme or trick, <em>devise<\/em> is the verb meaning to come up with a scheme or plan<\/p>\n<p>different\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 followed by <em>from<\/em>, not <em>to<\/em> or <em>than<\/em><\/p>\n<p>downbeat\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>downgrade\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>downfall\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0one word<\/p>\n<p>download\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>downmarket\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>downplay\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>downright\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>downsize\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>down-to-earth\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphens<\/p>\n<p>downturn\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0one word<\/p>\n<p>down payment\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two words<\/p>\n<p>drum\u2019n\u2019bass\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 no spaces<\/p>\n<p>dryer\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0noun \u2013 as in device for drying clothes or hair<\/p>\n<p>dynamo\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural is <em>dynamos<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>E<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>the Earth\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cap, but <em>the sun, the moon<\/em>, lower case<\/p>\n<p>echo\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural is <em>echoes<\/em><\/p>\n<p>effect\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 is the noun (<em>the film has great special effects<\/em>), affect is the verb (<em>that film really affects me<\/em>).\u00a0 Less commonly can be used as a verb, as in <em>effecting a change<\/em><\/p>\n<p>eg\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 for example, no points<\/p>\n<p>e-fit \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>E-fit<\/em><\/p>\n<p>either\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026 <em>this or that<\/em>, <em>neither this nor that<\/em>, can only be used of two, and takes a singular verb<\/p>\n<p>eliminate\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 use in the sense of <em>get rid of, <\/em>not<em> destroy <\/em>or<em> abolish<\/em><\/p>\n<p>email\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 verb or noun, no hyphen or capital letter<\/p>\n<p>embarrassed\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two <em>\u2018r\u2019s<\/em>, two \u2018<em>s\u2019s<\/em><\/p>\n<p>enrolled\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 but <em>enrolment<\/em><\/p>\n<p>embryo\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural is <em>embryos<\/em><\/p>\n<p>encyclopedia\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>\u2013ae-<\/em><\/p>\n<p>enquiries\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 always <em>inquiries<\/em><\/p>\n<p>the euro\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 currency, not <em>the Euro<\/em>. But <em>Euro-MP<\/em> (not <em>euro-MP<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>ever\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Do not use with a superlative. <em>First, biggest, best, etc<\/em>, are not improved by it.<\/p>\n<p>extrovert\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>extravert<\/em><\/p>\n<p>eyewitness \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 don\u2019t use \u2013 use <em>witness<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>F<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>facelift\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>fahrenheit\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lower case when in full, F when abbreviated.<\/p>\n<p>farther\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 for distance; <em>further<\/em> for quantity<\/p>\n<p>fascist\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 take care, legally dangerous if wrongly used<\/p>\n<p>feasible\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not &#8211;<em>able<\/em>, and <em>possible<\/em> is better<\/p>\n<p>fewer\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 refers to numbers of things or people; <em>less<\/em> refers to amount (that can\u2019t be counted). eg <em>100 fewer calls means less work for receptionists<\/em><\/p>\n<p>fianc\u00e9\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 male, <em>fianc\u00e9e<\/em> female<\/p>\n<p>fire engine\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two words<\/p>\n<p>fingerprints\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>first aid\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two words lower case<\/p>\n<p>flashback\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>fliers\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>flyers<\/em><\/p>\n<p>flyover\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (bridge) one word<\/p>\n<p>focusing, focused\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not double \u2018<em>s\u2019 <\/em><\/p>\n<p>forbear\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 refrain from<\/p>\n<p>forebear\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ancestor<\/p>\n<p>forego\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to do before<\/p>\n<p>forgo\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to do without<\/p>\n<p>foundered\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 when a vessel sinks<\/p>\n<p>floundered\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 when somebody makes a mistake<\/p>\n<p>frier\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 deep fat, not <em>fryer<\/em>, but <em>Friar Tuck<\/em><\/p>\n<p>fuchsia<\/p>\n<p>fulfilled\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 but <em>fulfil<\/em> and <em>fulfilment<\/em><\/p>\n<p>fundraiser\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word, no hyphen<\/p>\n<p>fundraising<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>G<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>ghetto\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural is <em>ghettoes<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Gypsy\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 recognised as an ethnic group under the Race Relations Act,<\/p>\n<p>use with a capital letter. Same goes for Traveller.<\/p>\n<p>glamorous\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 adjective from glamour<\/p>\n<p>go-ahead\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 noun, as in <em>get the go-ahead<\/em>, but two words as verb <em>(let\u2019s go ahead with this)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>goalkeeper\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>gorilla\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ape, <em>guerrilla<\/em> for fighter<\/p>\n<p>golden wedding\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two words, lower case<\/p>\n<p>graffiti\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two <em>\u2019f\u2019s,<\/em> one <em>t <\/em>(singular is <em>graffito<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>grandad\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one <em>\u2018d\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>granddaughter\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two \u2018<em>d<\/em>\u2019s\u2019<\/p>\n<p>grandson\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one <em>\u2018d\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>grassroots\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>great-grandad\/granddaughter\/grandson\/grandfather\/grandmother etc<\/p>\n<p>greenhouse effect\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 lower case<\/p>\n<p>grow\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 flowers and children grow but avoid such business jargon as<\/p>\n<p><em>grow the company. <\/em>\u00a0Only permissible if quoting someone.<\/p>\n<p>gutted\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OK in quotes, otherwise avoid<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>H<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>haemorrhage<\/p>\n<p>hairdo\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no hyphen<\/p>\n<p>hairdryer<\/p>\n<p>hairstyle\/dresser\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>handful\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>handfull<\/em><\/p>\n<p>handout\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>hand-out\/hand out<\/em><\/p>\n<p>hanged\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 people are <em>found hanged<\/em>, not <em>hung<\/em><\/p>\n<p>hangar\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 houses aircraft, but <em>coat hanger<\/em><\/p>\n<p>harass\/ed\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one <em>\u2018r\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>hat-trick\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>hero\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural is <em>heroes<\/em><\/p>\n<p>hiccup\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>hiccough<\/em><\/p>\n<p>hi-tech\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>high-tech<\/em><\/p>\n<p>homemade\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>homeowner\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>housework\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>horseracing\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>horse racing\/horse-racing<\/em><\/p>\n<p>humourless \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 but <em>humorist, humorous<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>I<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>ice cream\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two words, no hyphen<\/p>\n<p>ideological\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>idealogical<\/em><\/p>\n<p>idiosyncrasy\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 note <em>-asy<\/em><\/p>\n<p>impact\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 avoid its use as a verb \u2013 as in <em>the decision will impact on the\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 the situation, <\/em>or (worse still) <em>the decision will impact the<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 situation. <\/em>Use <em>affect<\/em> instead \u2013 <em>the decision will affect the \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 situation<\/em>; or use <em>impact <\/em>as a noun \u2013 <em>the decision will have an <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 impact on the situation.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>ingenious\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 clever<\/p>\n<p>ingenuous\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 artless<\/p>\n<p>innocuous<\/p>\n<p>inoculate\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one n<\/p>\n<p>inquire, inquiry\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>enquire, enquiry<\/em><\/p>\n<p>insistence\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>-ence<\/em> not &#8211;<em>ance<\/em><\/p>\n<p>install,\u00a0 installed\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 but <em>instalment<\/em><\/p>\n<p>instil\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as in <em>instil good manners<\/em>, not <em>instill<\/em><\/p>\n<p>-ise\u00a0\u00a0 not -ize \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 in <em>fertilise, neutralise, naturalise<\/em><\/p>\n<p>the internet\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lower case, not <em>Internet<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>J<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>jewellery\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>jewelry <\/em><\/p>\n<p>jet-ski\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>Jobcentre\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>Job Centre<\/em><\/p>\n<p>joyrider\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word, but avoid \u2013 it\u2019s not fun if it\u2019s your car<\/p>\n<p>judgment\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>judgement<\/em> except in <em>The Day of Judgement<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>K<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>kerb\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of pavement, but <em>curb temper<\/em><\/p>\n<p>kick-off\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as noun, eg <em>the kick-off has been delayed<\/em>. But no hyphen as verb, eg <em>let\u2019s kick off with some ideas<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>L<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>lady\/ies\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 avoid. Adult females are women (unless it\u2019s a title)<\/p>\n<p>laidback\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>lamppost\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>lamp post\/lamp-post<\/em><\/p>\n<p>laptop\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (computer) one word<\/p>\n<p>lap dancer \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two words<\/p>\n<p>lawnmower \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>lay, lie \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>I lay a trap.<\/em> <em>The table is laid, I lie down. I lay<\/em> (past tense) <em>in bed. I have lain<\/em> (not <em>laid<\/em>) <em>in bed all day<\/em><\/p>\n<p>layby\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>lay-by<\/em><\/p>\n<p>layout\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 when used as a noun<\/p>\n<p>learned\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>he learnt the subject<\/em><\/p>\n<p>left wing\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (politics) two words, lower case, eg <em>he is left wing.<\/em> But hyphen as noun (<em>he is a left-winger<\/em>) and as adjective preceding noun (<em>the Mirror is a left-wing newspaper<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>lend\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 is a verb (<em>I will lend you \u00a35<\/em>), <em>loan<\/em> is the noun (<em>thanks for the loan<\/em>). Note \u2013 don\u2019t confuse with <em>borrow (I<\/em> <em>need to borrow \u00a35<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>less\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 see <em>fewer<\/em> above<\/p>\n<p>liaison\/liaise\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 don\u2019t forget the second <em>\u2018i\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Liberal Democrats\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 no hyphen but after first reference use <em>Lib-Dems <\/em><\/p>\n<p>licence\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 you hold a driving <em>licenc<\/em>e (noun) which <em>licenses<\/em> (verb) you to drive<\/p>\n<p>lifeboat\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>lifeline\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>lightning\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 precedes thunder, <em>lightening <\/em>reduces the load<\/p>\n<p>line-up\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0when used as a noun; note the hyphen<\/p>\n<p>literally\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 don\u2019t use unless it really is, eg <em>he was literally glued to the TV<\/em>: no glue so no <em>literally<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>loth\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means reluctant<\/p>\n<p>loathe\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means dislike<\/p>\n<p>long-stay\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 car park \u2013 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>lookout\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 when used as a noun<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>M<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>make-up\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 when used as a noun; note the hyphen<\/p>\n<p>manifesto\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural is <em>manifestoes<\/em><\/p>\n<p>masterclass\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>master class<\/em><\/p>\n<p>may, might\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 take care: <em>you may go to the shops but you might not want to<\/em><\/p>\n<p>maybe\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 perhaps (adverb). Don\u2019t use as verb: <em>You may be right there. <\/em><u>Not<\/u> <em>you maybe right there.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>mayor\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lower case so <em>Sunderland mayor Fred\/Freda Smith<\/em><\/p>\n<p>medieval\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>mediaeval<\/em><\/p>\n<p>met with \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use <em>met, <\/em>not <em>met with, <\/em>as in <em>she met him <\/em>(not <em>she met with him<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>middle age\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two words, but <em>middle-aged<\/em><\/p>\n<p>mileage\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>milage<\/em><\/p>\n<p>minibus\/cab\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>more than\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>over <\/em>when referring to numbers, as in <em>more than 100 people<\/em><\/p>\n<p>mother \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 use for serious stories:\u00a0 <em>Mother fights off attacker <\/em><\/p>\n<p>mother-in-law\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lower case, hyphenate<\/p>\n<p>Mam\/Mum\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 use for light-hearted stories: <em>Mum is top of the class<\/em><\/p>\n<p>mousy\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>mousey<\/em><\/p>\n<p>100mph\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>100 mph<\/em> \u2013 no space, no points<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>N<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>National Lottery\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (first reference) then <em>the Lottery<\/em><\/p>\n<p>nevertheless\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word, no hyphens<\/p>\n<p>New Year\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>new year<\/em><\/p>\n<p>newborn\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>new born\/new-born<\/em><\/p>\n<p>newsworthy\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>next of kin\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no hyphens<\/p>\n<p>none\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 singular, so <em>none of the strikers has<\/em> (not <em>have<\/em>) <em>scored<\/em><\/p>\n<p>no one\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>no-one\/ noone<\/em><\/p>\n<p>nonetheless\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>noticeboard\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>O<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>observer \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>-or<\/em><\/p>\n<p>occur\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 but<em> occurrence<\/em> <em>(happen<\/em> is better)<\/p>\n<p>offbeat\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no hyphen<\/p>\n<p>off-licence\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>offshore\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>offside\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no hyphen<\/p>\n<p>off of\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 never use!<\/p>\n<p>OK\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>okay<\/em>, or <em>ok<\/em><\/p>\n<p>on to\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two words<\/p>\n<p>online\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>open-heart\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (surgery) hyphen<\/p>\n<p>opencast\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>open-plan \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (office) hyphen<\/p>\n<p>outdated\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>over\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 don\u2019t use with numbers . Use <em>more than<\/em> instead, as in <em>more than 100 people<\/em><\/p>\n<p>overact\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>over-active\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>overall\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>over-confidence \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>overlook\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>over-react\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>overrate\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>override\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>overseas\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>overweight\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>P<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>parallel\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to, not with<\/p>\n<p>partly\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 refers to part but not the whole<\/p>\n<p>partially \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to a limited extent<em>: His health has partially recovered<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>passer-by\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>passerby\/passersby<\/em><\/p>\n<p>passers-by<\/p>\n<p>past and last\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>over the past few weeks interest rates have fallen<\/em>, not\u00a0 <em>over the last few weeks interest rates have fallen<\/em>. But it is correct to write <em>He scored in the last few minutes of the match<\/em> \u2013 when talking about a precise event<\/p>\n<p>payroll\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>phase\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a stage or to schedule, as in <em>to phase in<\/em>. Don\u2019t confuse with <em>faze<\/em> which means to cause to be disturbed (<em>I\u2019m not fazed by insults<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>phone-in\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>photocopy\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>peninsula\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (noun),\u00a0 <em>peninsular<\/em> (adjective)<\/p>\n<p>per cent\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two words. Don\u2019t use <em>large percentage<\/em> or <em>small percentage<\/em> when <em>many <\/em>or <em>few<\/em> is better<\/p>\n<p>picnic \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>picnickers<\/em><\/p>\n<p>point-blank\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>post-mortem examination\u00a0 not just <em>post-mortem<\/em>, and not <em>autopsy<\/em> (US)<\/p>\n<p>potato\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural is <em>potatoes<\/em><\/p>\n<p>practice\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 noun, as in <em>doctor\u2019s practice<\/em><\/p>\n<p>practise\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 verb, as <em>practising <\/em>(perfecting) <em>football skills<\/em><\/p>\n<p>premier\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 prime minister or most important, as in <em>Premier League<\/em><\/p>\n<p>premiere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 first showing of a play or film<\/p>\n<p>prenuptial\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>pre-nuptial<\/em><\/p>\n<p>preventive\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>preventative<\/em><\/p>\n<p>pre-war\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>principal\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 first or most important (<em>My principal concern is cost<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>principle\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 rule of conduct (<em>Spending is against my principles<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>program\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a computer program<\/p>\n<p>programme\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a television programme, a programme leader, etc<\/p>\n<p>prostate\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (gland) not <em>prostrate<\/em> (lying flat)<\/p>\n<p>protesters\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not \u2013ors<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Q<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>questionnaire\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two<em> n\u2019s<\/em><\/p>\n<p>queueing<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>R<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>racecourse\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>Radio 1 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not One<\/p>\n<p>razzmatazz\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>razzamatazz<\/em><\/p>\n<p>recover\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to regain possession, <em>re-cover<\/em> means cover again<\/p>\n<p>redesign\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>re-design<\/em><\/p>\n<p>re-elect\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>Register Office\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 people are married here, not at the Registry Office<\/p>\n<p>reopen\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>re-open<\/em><\/p>\n<p>responsible \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 people bear responsibility, not things. <em>Rain can cause floods, I cannot be responsible for them<\/em><\/p>\n<p>rethink\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>r\u2019n\u2019b\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no spaces<\/p>\n<p>rock\u2019n\u2019roll \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no spaces<\/p>\n<p>roofs\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not rooves<\/p>\n<p>run-up\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 when used as a noun<\/p>\n<p>rush hour \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (noun) two words, but <em>rush-hour traffic<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>S<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Saint\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 use in full when referring to a saint, but <em>St<\/em> in place names<\/p>\n<p>schoolchildren\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>setback\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (obstacle) not <em>set-back<\/em><\/p>\n<p>St James\u2019s Palace<\/p>\n<p>St John Ambulance \u00a0\u00a0 not <em>John\u2019s<\/em><\/p>\n<p>schoolboy\/girl \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>sewage \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 is the stuff, <em>sewerage<\/em>\u00a0 is the plumbing<\/p>\n<p>shipbuilding\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>short-stay\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (car park) hyphen<\/p>\n<p>skill\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 but <em>skilful<\/em><\/p>\n<p>standstill\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>stationary\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means not moving<\/p>\n<p>stationery\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means paper, etc<\/p>\n<p>stepfather\/stepmother\/stepson\/stepdaughter no hyphen<\/p>\n<p>step-family\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>stock car racing\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 no hyphens<\/p>\n<p>Sunday school \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 but St <em>Peter\u2019s Sunday School<\/em> when referring to a specific one<\/p>\n<p>supersede\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 with an <em>\u2018s\u2019 <\/em>not a <em>\u2018c\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n<p>sustain\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 means keep going, so you suffer or receive injuries<\/p>\n<p>swap\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>swop<\/em><\/p>\n<p>swot \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (study) for exams, but <em>swat<\/em> a fly<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>T<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>takeaway\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word for noun (<em>let\u2019s get a takeaway<\/em>), two words for verb (<em>take away this rubbish<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>take-off \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (aircraft) when used as a noun<\/p>\n<p>takeover\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 noun, as in bid, but verb (<em>I will take over that job<\/em>) is two words<\/p>\n<p>targeted\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>targetted<\/em><\/p>\n<p>tattoo\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural is <em>tattoos,<\/em> also <em>tattooing<\/em><\/p>\n<p>taxpayers\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 everyone who pays income tax, but <em>council tax payers<\/em><\/p>\n<p>tearjerker\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>their\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 possessive pronoun, as in <em>it\u2019s their responsibility<\/em><\/p>\n<p>there\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 preposition, as in <em>look over there<\/em><\/p>\n<p>they\u2019re\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 contraction of they are, as in <em>they\u2019re responsible<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Third World\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 caps, but <em>developing nations<\/em> is better<\/p>\n<p>throw-in\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 when used as a noun<\/p>\n<p>threequarters\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>till\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 until, but note double <em>\u201cl\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>toilets\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>public conveniences, WC or loo<\/em><\/p>\n<p>tomato\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural is <em>tomatoes<\/em><\/p>\n<p>tranquilliser<\/p>\n<p>try to\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>try to win<\/em>\/, not <em>try and win<\/em><\/p>\n<p>T-shirt\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>t-shirt or tee-shirt<\/em><\/p>\n<p>troublespot\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>Tsar \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026 of Russia, but <em>drugs czar<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>U<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>under\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>less than<\/em> or <em>fewer than<\/em> is better<\/p>\n<p>undercarriage, underclothes, undercover, undercut, underdog, underemployed, underestimate etc all one word, but <em>under way<\/em> needs two<\/p>\n<p>under-age \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<p>unique \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cannot be qualified. Don\u2019t write <em>quite unique, very unique etc<\/em><\/p>\n<p>up-and-coming\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphens (as in <em>an up-and-coming band<\/em>, meaning promising, likely to be successful), but <em>upcoming<\/em> (as in an <em>upcoming<\/em> tour) one word<\/p>\n<p>up-to-date \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphens when used before a noun, as in<em> an up-to-date book.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>Not the difference: <em>This book is up to date.<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>V<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>vacuum<\/p>\n<p>veto\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plural is <em>vetoes<\/em><\/p>\n<p>vice-chairman \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>W<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>wacky\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>whacky<\/em><\/p>\n<p>wartime\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>wavelength\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>wedding of\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>wedding between<\/em><\/p>\n<p>well known\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If someone\/something is well known, you don\u2019t need to say so<\/p>\n<p>widow\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a woman whose husband has died; a man whose wife has died is a <em>widower<\/em><\/p>\n<p>wintry\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>wintery<\/em><\/p>\n<p>weekend\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>week-end<\/em><\/p>\n<p>were\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as in <em>you were there <\/em>(past tense of <em>to be)<\/em>; don\u2019t confuse with &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>where\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 as in <em>where are you?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>whereas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 one word<\/p>\n<p>while\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 not <em>whilst<\/em><\/p>\n<p>whisky\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scotch has no <em>\u2018e\u2019<\/em>, but Irish <em>whiskey <\/em>does<\/p>\n<p>who\u2019s\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 contraction of <em>who is<\/em> <em>(who\u2019s a clever girl, then?)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>whose\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 pronoun (<em>whose bag is this?<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>withhold\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 two <em>\u2018h\u2019s<\/em><\/p>\n<p>world wide web,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lower case<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>X<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Xmas\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Christmas (except in tabloid headlines)<\/p>\n<p>x-ray\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hyphen, no cap, except <em>Camp X-Ray<\/em><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Y<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>yoghurt<\/p>\n<p>your\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 possessive pronoun, as in <em>your label is showing<\/em><\/p>\n<p>you\u2019re\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 contraction of you are, as in <em>you\u2019re a disgrace<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Anchor5\"><strong>COPY GUIDELINES<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><em>This is how you should set out your copy for all practical journalism modules \u2013 be they news, sport, magazine or fashion, and for print or online.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>1<\/p>\n<p>Student\u2019s name, date<\/p>\n<p><strong>Headline for web or print here<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Introduction starts here. Font should be simple, for example Arial, and should be at least 12 points in size.<\/p>\n<p>Lines must be double spaced. You must leave an extra space between paragraphs. If the story goes on to a second page, put mf (stands for \u201cmore follows\u201d) at the bottom of the page. Put name, date and page number at the top of the next sheet, too.<\/p>\n<p>When the article is finished, write Ends and put the word count in brackets. Don\u2019t include the headline in the word count. And come up with key words if your story is for the web, and picture\/video\/audio opportunities at the end.<\/p>\n<p>Ends (273 words)<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"Anchor6\"><strong> REFERENCING GUIDE<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Citations<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Citations are used in the main body of your essay to back up your claims and say where you\u2019ve got your quotes and information from. When used to support a general assertion they require author\u2019s name and year of publication:<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sports journalism is no longer regarded as the \u2018toy department\u2019 (Boyle 2006; Steen 2008).<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Direct quotes also require the page number. Either of the following styles is acceptable:<\/li>\n<li><strong>As Boyle (2006: 12) argues: \u2018Sports Journalism has changed.\u2019<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Or<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u2018Sports journalism has changed\u2019 (Boyle 2006: 12).<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>When citing newspaper or online articles just use author\u2019s name and, if available, year \u2013 do not include full web address or headline until the bibliography.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>A bibliography provides the full reference details of the sources cited in your essay. It should be on a separate page and in alphabetical order of author using the following styles:<\/li>\n<li>Books<\/li>\n<li><strong>Boyle, R. (2006) <em>Sports Journalism: Context and Issues<\/em>.\u00a0 London: Sage.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Book chapters<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rowe, D. (2005) Fourth estate or fan club? Sports journalism engages the popular, in Allan, S. (ed) Journalism: Critical Issues. Maidenhead: Open University Press.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Journal articles<\/li>\n<li><strong>Schultz, B. &amp; Sheffer, M.L. (2010) \u2018An exploratory study of how Twitter is affecting sports journalism\u2019, <em>International Journal of Sport Communication<\/em>, 3, 226-239.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Newspaper articles<\/li>\n<li><strong>Preston, P. (2013) \u2018Trial by television only saves others from BBC blame\u2019, The Observer, September 15, p.46.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Online sources<\/li>\n<li><strong>com (2011) \u2018Barclays Premier League Tweet Map\u2019 at <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.premierleague.com\/page\/Headlines\/0,,12306~2288403,00.html\"><strong>http:\/\/www.premierleague.com\/page\/Headlines\/0,,12306~2288403,00.html<\/strong><\/a><strong> (Accessed 23 July, 2011).<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"Anchor7\"><strong>SPORTS JOURNALISM STYLE TIPS<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>A scoreline (eg <em>Sunderland 2 Newcastle United 2<\/em>) should be included on the top of all match reports<\/li>\n<li>Use a person\u2019s full name only when first mentioning them. Then, just use their surname (unless another person in the same article shares the surname, in which case use their full names throughout)<\/li>\n<li>When match reporting, report the time of key action\/goals etc as the minute in which the incident took place (eg if someone scores after 27 minutes and 30 seconds, it should be reported as a <em>28<sup>th<\/sup>-minute goal<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>As advised elsewhere in the Style Guide, write numbers between one and nine up full, but numbers 10 and above as a figure (eg <em>England fast bowler Stuart Broad took eight wickets as Australia saw 10 batsmen dismissed for just 60)<\/em><u><\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"Anchor8\"><strong>FURTHER READING<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Amis, K. (1998) <em>The King\u2019s English.<\/em> London: HarperCollins.<\/p>\n<p>Evans, H. (2000) <em>Essential English: For Journalists, Editors and Writers. London<\/em>: Pimlico.<\/p>\n<p>Hicks, W. (2013) <em>English for Journalists.<\/em> London: Routledge.<\/p>\n<p>Shrives, C. (2012) <em>Grammar for Grown-ups. <\/em>London: Kyle Books.<\/p>\n<p>Truss, L. (2003) <em>Eats, Shoots &amp; Leaves<\/em>. London: Profile.<\/p>\n<p>Waterhouse, K. (1993) <em>Waterhouse on Newspaper Style. <\/em>London:\u00a0 Penguin.<\/p>\n<p>Waterhouse, K. (1991) <em>English, Our English: And How To Sing It<\/em>. London: Viking.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2020-21 For Journalism and PR at Sunderland University INTRODUCTION The ability to write clear, grammatical English is the key skill for anyone working in the communications industry. This guide is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":267,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6452","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6452","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6452"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6452\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7450,"href":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6452\/revisions\/7450"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/267"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mediahub.sunderland.ac.uk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6452"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}